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Table 7 Simulation results for faults outside the DC line

From: Novel transient-energy-based directional pilot protection method for HVDC line

Location

RF (Ω)

Pole

Rectifier station

Inverter station

Result

S m

Dir

S n

Dir

F4

10

+

19.14

−1

−11.08

1

External

-

1.61

−1

−3.16

1

External

200

+

1.66

−1

−0.88

0

Normal

-

/

/

−0.14

0

Normal

300

+

0.83

0

−0.26

0

Normal

-

/

/

/

/

Normal

F5 (AG)

10

+

−2.70

1

2.94

−1

External

-

−2.74

1

3.02

−1

External

300

+

/

/

/

/

Normal

-

/

/

/

/

Normal

F5 (BCG)

10

+

−11.92

1

12.10

−1

External

-

−11.50

1

12.22

−1

External

300

+

/

/

/

/

Normal

-

/

/

/

/

Normal