Table 4 Solution VRE integration technologies
From: A critical review of the integration of renewable energy sources with various technologies
Ref. | Example of Solution | Solution | Example Application of Solution | Illustration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel photovoltaic farm | Changes to Distributed VRE Generators | Solar tracking, low tension travel, reactive power supply | Changes in primary equipment, controlling or operating distributed VRE generators | |
Engine reconstruction | Conventional generators distributed | Self-consumption optimisation, peak shaving, power balancing, maximum load provision | Conventional generators with increased ramping performance, start number or partial load operation in commercial and household environments. | |
Lithium (Li)-Battery with lead-acid | Handed out storage | Self-consumption optimisation, peak shaving, power balancing, maximum load provision | Housing equipment distributed in household, commercial or small industrial environments | |
[126] | Cable, transformer, overhead track, | Reinforcement of the distribution grid/expansion | Improvement of transmission capacity, optimisation of the active and reactive power flow, improvement of grid reliability | Grid reinforcement or extension using conventional equipment in the distribution grid |
Direct transfer journey scheme, interlock reclosure | Adapted security protection approaches | Avoiding relay desensitisation, stopping stumbling | Revision of security functions and systems to ensure the identification of faults and to avoid false safety events. | |
On-load tap changer, static var. compensator, for distribution transformers | Solutions for Voltage management of distribution grids | Voltage regulation in feeders for distribution grid | Equipment that facilitates the control of voltage fluctuations in distribution grid or feeder areas. | |
Measuring units Phasor (MUP) | State approximate distribution grid solutions | Real-time monitoring and control of VRE feed-in | Technology for calculating and estimating the electrical status of a network region. | |
High impedance transformer, fuse limiting current | Limiter systems currently in use | Present defect restriction | Devices designed to limit fault currents. | |
[121] | Passive or active filters | Filters in peace | Reduce harmonic distortions | Geräte for filtering harmonic distortions. |
Pleasant wind turbine grid | Changes to large VRE-generators | Wind turbine discharge, low tension flight, synthetic inertia | Changes in the primary machinery, regulating or running large VRE generators. | |
A gas turbine, engine reciprocators | New or modified conventional, large generators | Equilibrium power, maximum load provision | Conventional generators with increased ramping performance, start number or partial load operation in industrial or utility environments | |
[63] | Pumped hydro storage, battery with li-ion or lead-acid, hydrogen storage | Storage of Centralized | Equilibrium power, maximum load provision | Tools located in manufacturing or utility environments |
Aluminium smelter check | Centralised response to demand | Peak rashing, power balance, full load supply | Controlled reduction or increase in electrical consumption of electrical appliances by large consumers, mainly in industrial environments | |
Weather forecasting and probabilistic forecasting | VRE predictive technology | Predictions for the day ahead, now casting | Technology to improve short- and medium-term predictability of VRE production. | |
[63] | Converter based on thruster, Transistor-based | Transmission devices with high voltage direct current (HVDC) | Improvement of the transmission capacity over long distances, active and reactive power flow management, improvement of grid reliability. | Conversion of high voltage alternating current to continuous current and lower voltage direct current transmission systems |
[7] | Transformer with phase shift, back-to-back HVDC, controllable series compensation | Power flow checker | Temporary increase or decrease in transmission capacity, and optimisation of active and reactive power flow. | Technology for controlling the active power flow through transmission grids |
[25] | Static var. compensator, static synchronous equalizer | Power reaction controller | Prevention of delayed voltage recovery caused by the fault, reactive power support for wind farms’ transmission connections. | Technology to control the balance of reactive power in transmission grids |
[23] | Flywheel | Power providers inertia or short-circuit | Provision of inertia, rise in short-circuit control and provision in reactive power | Technologies to provide inertia or short-circuit power to stabilize grid areas under conditions of fault |